نشریه مشاوره کاربردی
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Worrying about not getting married and ending up in absolute being single has led to the emergence of a psychological problem called the fear of being single. The present study aimed to investigate the moderating role of age and gender in the relationship between emotional intelligence and the fear of being single in college students. The study was conducted using a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population included all students of the University of Tehran in the academic year 2019-2020. A total of 415 people were selected as the sample using the convenience sampling method. The data collection tools included Spielman’s Fear of Being Single Scale (FOBS) (2013) and Bar-On’s Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) (1997), which were distributed and completed online. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Hayes’ adjustment method with SPSS-25 software. The results of statistical analysis showed that age moderates the relationship between emotional intelligence and the fear of being single. However, gender does not play a moderating role in the relationship between emotional intelligence and the fear of being single. According to the results of the present study, the relationship between emotional intelligence and the fear of being single is more than a simple linear relationship, and it is possible to take steps to prevent and treat the fear of being single by developing programs and interventions based on strengthening emotional intelligence.

School counseling plays a vital role in training the future generation of the country. Thus, there is a need to create a framework and clarify the roles and functions of school counseling programs. To this end, the present study aimed to develop a professional school counseling model in Iran using the qualitative content analysis method. First, upstream documents (Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE) and national curricula) and specialized school counseling texts were analyzed and the underlying themes were extracted. Afterward, the data from the interviews with school counseling experts (school counselors and experts) were analyzed. The analysis of the data revealed 180 subthemes, 59 main themes, and 21 core themes that were used to develop a school counseling model with four components: foundations, management, services, and accountability. The foundations of the model have two key aspects (belief and prospect). The belief component refers to fundamental beliefs of education and prospect reflects an image of the ideal future. Moreover, management involves three key aspects (planning, administration, and interactions). Planning specifies how the program is designed and executed. Administration addresses the needs and procedures used for implementing programs. Interactions refer to the position of programs and the systematic promotion of education. In addition, services encompass two key aspects (inclusiveness and strategy). Inclusiveness refers to the coverage of school counseling services and the strategy specifies the procedures for delivering school counseling services. Finally, accountability involves two key aspects (evaluation and promotion). Evaluation involves measuring school counseling services, factors promoting school counselors’ competencies, and the requirements for acquiring such competencies. The professional school counseling model tries to create a comprehensive and systematic framework for school counseling activities by using scientific and culture-based theories to contribute to developing academic, occupational, personal-social, and religious-ethical competencies of future generations.

The evidence shows that couples in modern societies face many problems in establishing intimate relationships and understanding the feelings of their partners. To this end, using a quantitative and quasi-experimental design, the present study sought to examine the effectiveness of forgiveness and patience training based on Islamic instructions on marital conflicts and the emotional management of married women. The participants were selected from women with marital conflict who visited counseling centers in Qom. A total of 20 married women were selected using convenience sampling and randomly placed in two intervention and control groups. The data were collected using the Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). The collected data were analyzed via analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The ANCOVA results showed that the forgiveness and patience therapy model was effective in marital conflicts and emotional management, reducing marital conflicts and improving emotion regulation of the women in the intervention group. Indeed, practicing forgiveness and patience based on Islamic instructions enables a person to accept responsibility for her actions in conflicts and forgive her partner whenever necessary. Accordingly, family counselors and therapists can organize and hold psychological therapy interventions and courses based on Islamic instructions and use the model developed in this study to contribute to resolving marital conflicts and improving marital life in couples.

The present study sought to propose a divorce risk reduction model based on marital intimacy, triangulation, and attachment with a focus on the mediating role of cohesion and adaptability in married people. This study was conducted using a correlational and path analysis design. The participants were 186 married people residing in Neka, a city in Mazandaran Province, Iran. The participants’ ages ranged from 22 to 40 years, and they were selected through non-random convenience sampling based on Klein's formula (1998). The criteria for enrollment in the study were being married for 2 to 5 years and the age range of 22 and 40 years. The instruments used to collect the data were the Marital Instability Index (Edwards, Johnson & Booth, 1987), the Intimacy Scale (IS) (Walker & Thompson, 1983), the Triangulation Questionnaire (Yousefi & Bahrami, 2012), the Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & Reed, 1990), and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES) (Elson, Portner, & Bell, 1985). The findings revealed that marital intimacy, attachment, adaptability, and cohesion have a negative and direct effect on reducing the risk of divorce (marriage instability). In addition, 32% and 24% of the impact of marital intimacy and attachment on reducing the risk of divorce (marriage instability) can be explained through cohesion. Furthermore, 58% and 32% of the effects of triangulation and attachment on reducing the risk of divorce (marriage instability) can be explained through adaptability. The data in this study showed a relationship between intimacy, attachment, and divorce risk reduction mediated by cohesion. In addition, triangulation and attachment can reduce the risk of divorce through the mediating role of adaptability.

The present study aimed to develop and test a model to account for the effect of family communication patterns and sensation seeking on internet addiction through the mediating role of basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and communication). This study adopted a multivariate correlational design through path analysis. The participants (n = 290) were selected through multi-stage cluster random sampling from among all the lower secondary school students in Khorramabad. The data were collected using the Addiction to Virtual Social Networks in Adolescents Questionnaire (Sadeghzadeh et al., 2019), the Revised Family Communication Patterns Questionnaire (Ritchie & Fitzpatrick, 1990), the Sensation Seeking Scale (Aluja et al., 2010), and the Basic Psychological Needs Scale (Sorebo et al., 2006). The proposed model was evaluated through path analysis with SPSS and AMOS-23 software. The findings confirmed a positive and significant direct relationship between communication patterns (conversation) and basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and communication) and also a positive and significant direct relationship between sensation seeking and internet addiction. The data also indicated a negative and significant direct relationship between conformity communication patterns and basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and communication), a negative and significant direct relationship between sensation seeking and basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and communication), and a negative and significant direct relationship between competence and internet addiction. In addition, the paths of autonomy and communication on internet addiction were not confirmed. Moreover, in the indirect paths, basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and communication) played a mediating role between communication patterns (conversation) and internet addiction, between the communication pattern (conformity) and internet addiction, and between sensation seeking and internet addiction. Thus, teaching communication patterns and the way to control emotions to parents, young individuals, and adolescents can contribute to meeting their basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and communication) and reduce their dependence on online social networks.

Female adolescents are at risk of online sexual harassment as they are in a period of sexual identity formation and sexual exploration. Thus, studying online sexual harassment in female adolescents can contribute to preventing this type of abuse and reducing its possible consequences. To this end, the present study aimed to analyze the factors underlying online sexual harassment in female adolescents. This study was conducted using a qualitative and descriptive phenomenological approach. The participants (n = 15) were selected through purposive sampling from 15-19-year-old female adolescents in Tehran who had a history of online sexual harassment at least once. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews until the data were theoretically saturated. Two additional interviews were conducted to ensure data saturation. The collected data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step method with MAXQDA-2020 software. Data analysis revealed 20 subthemes, 11 main themes (intrapersonal psychological factors, interpersonal psychological factors, the role of culture, the influence of the media, the role of peers, the role of the family, unrestricted online interactions, the feeling of no identity in cyberspace, the role of people online, unawareness, and inadequate training), and 4 core themes (predisposing psychological factors, predisposing social and cultural factors, the role of cyberspace structure, and unawareness and inadequate training). The insights from this study implied that people close to adolescents can play a big role in preventing and stopping online sexual harassment by providing support, giving information, and responsible reporting. Moreover, professionals can prevent online sexual harassment in female adolescents by developing effective training programs based on the factors underlying online sexual harassment.